These quick reference guides are designed to give you information about common writing issues. You can also pick up hard copies of the guides at both 写作工作室 locations during regular hours. Let us know if there is an additional topic you would find helpful. We want to make sure we cover all the issues you encounter in your personal and academic writing.
In addition to the guides provided by the 写作工作室, the UMKC libraries have handouts that cover a broad range of topics.
APA style is used by writers in many disciplines around the world for concise, powerful and persuasive scholarly communication.
| Article in journal paginated by volume | Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, 等. 哈洛,H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. |
|---|---|
| Article in journal paginated by issue | Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined Scruton R. (1996). 倾听的消逝. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13. |
| 单作者的书 | 作者,. A. (出版年份). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. 地点:出版商. Calfee R. C., & 瓦伦西亚,R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. 华盛顿特区.C.: American Psychological Association. |
| 杂志上的文章 | 舒尔茨,年代. (2005年12月28日). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. 《世界杯赌场盘口》，第2页. 1A, 2A. |
| Article from an online periodical with digital object identifier (DOI) assigned. A DOI is a number assigned to every website once it's made available online and is usually located on first page of an electronic journal article, near the copyright notice; also on the 数据库 landing page for article. | 作者,. A., & 作者,B. B. (发布日期). 文章标题. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000 有时,维. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi: 10.1108/03090560710821161 |
| Article from an online periodical with no DOI assigned | 作者,. A., & 作者,B. B. (发布日期). 文章标题. Title of Journal, volume number. 检索自http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/ 肯尼思,我. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. 检索自http://www.cac.事业单位.edu/jbe/twocont.html |
The MLA Style Manual has become the standard guide for the scholar, graduate student and professional writer on preparing theses, dissertations and manuscripts of articles and books.
For prose, place the author and page number of a work in parentheses after the reference, e.g.(史密斯76). For poetry, place the author and the line numbers after the reference, e.g.(坡15-17). 在处理戏剧时, introduce the author in the text before a quotation and provide the play title and line numbers in the parenthetical citation, e.g.(哈姆雷特15-17).
Writers must also consider if they have a short or long (block) quote.
Short Quotations (four or fewer typed lines): Place the quote within the text of the paper. Introduce the quote with a comma, and place the period after the parenthetical citation. Use quotation marks to show all borrowed material. Include author and page number.
Block Quotations (More than four typed lines): Place the quote one inch from the left margin, 省略引号. Introduce the quote with a colon, and place the period before the parenthetical citation.
MLA’s 8th edition uses the same citation style for all types of sources, universally. Much of this relies on the idea of “containers,” which might refer to a book, 学术期刊, 集合, 存档, 数据库, CD or any number of different types of sources.
Because the template is meant to be used for all types of sources, use your discretion when determining what pieces of information to place emphasis on. 例如, you might list the author of a film as the director if you mean to emphasize how the film was made, but you might list the author as the lead actor if you mean to emphasize a specific performance.
For every external citation, include only the information that you have regarding the source. If there isn’t a 证券交易委员会ondary container such as an 存档, 数据库 or 集合 where you found the source, then you don't include any information regarding the 证券交易委员会ond container.
| Template | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 姓，名. “资料来源标题.” Title of Container 1, Other Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location. 集装箱2的名称, Other Contributors for Container 2, 容器2的版本, 集装箱号2, 容器2发行商, Publication date of Container 2, 2号货柜位置. | Lorensen,任何人. “Between Image and Word, Color, and Time: Jacob Lawrence’s The Migration Series.” African American Review, vol. 40, no. 3, 2006, pp. 571-86. 的专文,搜索.专文.com/login.aspx?直接= 真正的&db = f5h&AN=24093790&网站= ehost-live. |
Build a works cited list with the MLA Practice Template
Alphabetize works cited lists and bibliographies by author’s last name or first key word of the title. Indent the 证券交易委员会ond and subsequent lines of entries half an inch from the left margin.
芝加哥/Turabian is a very complex style format. If you have any questions, it is highly recommended that you consult a copy of The 芝加哥 Manual of Style, 15th Edition or A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations, 6th Edition 了解更多信息.
参考表 - A list that appears at the end of the paper that cites the sources using the author-date method. Use the reference list in conjunction with parenthetical references. This list includes only those sources that are directly cited in the paper.
参考书目 - A list that appears at the end of the paper that cites all of the sources you consulted while researching for the paper. This list includes sources you do not directly cite in your paper.
如果使用 endnotes or footnotes as referential notes, then a bibliography or reference page is not required. A bibliography is recommended, however, to provide context for your paper as a whole. Using a bibliography can reduce information needed in referential notes.
如果使用 endnotes or footnotes as contextual notes, then you need to cite the sources using a bibliography.
如果使用 parenthetical references/author date references, then a reference page is needed.
N=以注释形式引用
B =书目引文
PR=parenthetical reference citation
RL=参考书目
N 1. Charles Bazerman, 知情作家(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981), 25. B .巴泽曼，查尔斯. 知情作家. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981.
PR(巴泽曼1981,25)
r·l·巴泽曼，查尔斯. 1981. 知情的作家. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
N 1. Christina Gorman, "Why So Many of Us Are Getting Diabetes,《世界杯赌博盘口》杂志，2003年11月30日: 24.
B戈尔曼，我是克里斯蒂娜. "Why So Many of Us Are Getting Diabetes.《世界杯赌博盘口》杂志，2003年11月30日.
PR (Gorman 2003,24)
RL戈尔曼，克里斯蒂娜. 2003. "Why so many of us are getting diabetes.《世界杯赌博盘口》杂志，2003年11月30日.
Newspapers do not need to be cited in reference lists or bibliographies if they are cited in a parenthetical reference in the text. Newspaper pagination is not constant from one edition to another; therefore, page numbers are not included in newspaper citations. If a newspaper has multiple editions, 在大型报纸中很常见, including the edition in the reference is preferred.
N 1. 瑞秋Raccuglia, "Local Acupuncturist Saves the Life of Area Kitten,《世界杯赌场盘口》, 11月16日, 2003, 本地版, 证券交易委员会. 1.
PR (Raccuglia 2003)
Journals can either be paginated sequentially throughout a volume or they can have separate pagination starting with each issue. Though technically an issue number can be excluded if the journal is sequentially paginated, 不建议这样做. You may omit the issue number if a month or season is included with the year, however.
N 1. 迪Bahri, "Marginally Off-Center: Postcolonialism in the Teaching Machine,“大学英语59，不. 3 (1997): 277-298.
B巴里，我是迪皮卡. "Marginally Off-Center: Postcolonialism in the Teaching Machine.“大学英语59，不. 3 (1997) 277-298.
PR (Bahri 1997, 277-298)
RL Bahri，迪皮卡. 1997. Marginally off-center: Postcolonialism in the teaching machine. College English 59 (1): 277-298.
N 1. 罗伯特·伯纳德·哈斯, "The Mutable Locus Amoenus and Consolation in Tennyson's In Memoriam," Studies in English Literature (Rice) 38, no. 4(1998): 669，网址
B哈斯，罗伯特·伯纳德. "The Mutable Locus Amoenus and Consolation in Tennyson's In Memoriam." Studies in English Literature (Rice) 38, no. 4 (1998). URL
公关(哈斯，1998)
RL哈斯，罗伯特伯纳德. (1998). The mutable locus amoenus and consolation in Tennyson's In Memoriam. Studies in English literature (Rice) 38 (4). URL
N 1. Taegan Goddard, "Poll Suggests Trouble for McCain in 2008," Taegan Goddard's Political Wire, URL
B戈达德，泰根. "Poll Suggests Trouble for McCain in 2008." Taegan Goddard's Political Wire. URL
PR(戈达德，2006)
RL戈达德，泰根. 2006. Poll suggests trouble for McCain in 2008. Taegan Goddard's political wire. URL
The 研究生写作倡议 guides, supports and evaluates resources and programs for graduate writers and provides resources for faculty working with graduate students.
